Military Revolution in Europe at the End of the 16th – beginning of the 17th century: Army Transformation and Integration of Irregular Forces

Abstract

The article explores the transformation of military organization in Europe at the end of the 16^th and the beginning of the 17^th century in the context of the military revolution. It analyzes changes in tactics, strategy, weaponry, and army structures that responded to growing challenges of the time and contributed to the centralization of state power.

The study examines the transition from the medieval system of troop recruitment to the formation of regular armies with clear structure, discipline, centralized command, and efficient resource use. Special attention is given to the interaction between regular and irregular forces, particularly the Landsknechts and Lisowczyks, who combined traditional combat methods with new organizational approaches, maintaining flexibility and mobility. The article highlights the long-term consequences of military reforms, which contributed to the modernization of state structures, financial systems, and governance mechanisms.

It is demonstrated that while irregular troops played a significant role in the conflicts of the late 16^th and early 17^th centuries, centralized armies ultimately shaped the future of military affairs. The military transformations of this period not only influenced the nature of armed conflicts but also determined the further development of European states and their political stability in the following centuries. These changes laid the foundation for the development of professional armies and military art in Europe. The introduction of new combat approaches and the adaptation of military structures to changing political and technological conditions became key factors in shaping European history.